Conditions explained.

Plain-language guides to common conditions: symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment options and when to see a doctor in person.

• AcneAcne happens when hair follicles clog with oil and dead skin, leading to blackheads, whiteheads and inflamed spots. It is the most common skin condition and affects adults as well as teens. Prescription topicals such as tretinoin, often combined with other ingredients, can clear and prevent breakouts over time.
• AnxietyAnxiety disorders involve worry or fear that is persistent, hard to control and affects daily life. They are among the most common mental health conditions and are very treatable. Therapy, medications such as SSRIs, or both are effective first-line options. If you are in crisis, call or text 988.
• Cold soresCold sores are small, painful blisters on or around the lips caused by the herpes simplex virus. The virus stays in the body and can flare with stress, sun or illness. Antiviral medication such as valacyclovir, taken at the first tingle, can shorten outbreaks.
• DepressionDepression is a common, serious mood condition with persistent sadness or loss of interest lasting at least two weeks. It affects sleep, energy, appetite and concentration. Therapy and antidepressants such as SSRIs or bupropion are effective treatments. If you are in crisis, call or text 988.
• Dry mouth (xerostomia)Dry mouth happens when salivary glands do not make enough saliva. It is often a side effect of medications, and can also come from conditions such as Sjogren's syndrome or radiation treatment. Saliva substitutes and prescription options such as pilocarpine can help, and protecting your teeth is important.
• Erectile dysfunction (ED)Erectile dysfunction means having trouble getting or keeping an erection firm enough for sex on a regular basis. It is common, especially with age, and often linked to blood flow, hormones, stress or medications. Prescription options such as sildenafil and tadalafil help many men, and a licensed provider decides if they are safe for you.
• Female hair thinningFemale pattern hair thinning usually shows as a widening part and less volume on top while the hairline stays. It is common, especially around menopause or with conditions like PCOS. Options include minoxidil and, for some women, spironolactone, prescribed by a licensed provider.
• Gum diseaseGum disease is infection and inflammation of the tissues around the teeth, from gingivitis to periodontitis. Bleeding gums are often the first sign. Professional cleanings, good home care and antimicrobial rinses such as chlorhexidine help control it.
• InsomniaInsomnia is trouble falling asleep, staying asleep or waking too early, at least three nights a week, with daytime effects. It is very common and often linked to stress, habits or other health conditions. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is the first-line treatment, sometimes with medication such as low-dose doxepin.
• Low testosteroneLow testosterone (hypogonadism) is when the body makes less testosterone than normal, confirmed by blood tests and symptoms together. It can cause low libido, fatigue and reduced muscle. Treatment options include testosterone therapy or medications like enclomiphene that support the body's own production, chosen after lab testing.
• Male pattern hair lossMale pattern hair loss (androgenetic alopecia) is gradual thinning at the temples and crown driven by genetics and the hormone DHT. It is the most common cause of hair loss in men. Treatments such as finasteride, dutasteride and minoxidil can slow loss and regrow some hair, and work best when started early.
• MelasmaMelasma causes brown or gray-brown patches, usually on the cheeks, forehead and upper lip. It is common in women and linked to sun exposure and hormones. Daily sunscreen plus prescription lightening creams can fade patches over months, though melasma can return.
• MenopauseMenopause is the point 12 months after your last period, usually in your late 40s or early 50s, with symptoms that can start years earlier in perimenopause. Hot flashes, sleep problems and vaginal dryness are common. Hormone and non-hormone treatments can help, and a licensed provider weighs benefits and risks with you.
• Mouth soresMouth sores include canker sores, irritation from braces or dentures, and sores from treatments like chemotherapy. Most heal within one to two weeks. Prescription rinses that numb and soothe can ease pain while the mouth heals.
• Obesity and weight managementObesity is a chronic condition where excess body fat raises the risk of problems such as diabetes, heart disease and sleep apnea. It is usually screened with BMI alongside other health measures. Treatment combines nutrition, activity and, for eligible people, prescription medications such as GLP-1 medicines, prescribed by a licensed provider.
• Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)Obstructive sleep apnea is when the airway repeatedly narrows or closes during sleep, causing breathing pauses and poor sleep. Loud snoring and daytime sleepiness are common signs. It is diagnosed with a sleep test and treated with CPAP, an oral appliance or other options.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)PCOS is a common hormonal condition causing irregular periods, higher androgen levels and often ovarian cysts on ultrasound. It can lead to acne, excess hair growth, hair thinning and weight gain. Treatment targets your symptoms and goals and may include lifestyle changes, birth control, spironolactone or metformin.
• Premature ejaculation (PE)Premature ejaculation means ejaculating sooner than you or your partner want, most of the time, in a way that causes distress. It is one of the most common sexual concerns in men. Options include behavioral techniques and topical numbing sprays, chosen with a licensed provider.
• RosaceaRosacea is a long-term skin condition that causes facial redness, flushing, visible blood vessels and sometimes acne-like bumps. It tends to come and go with triggers. Prescription creams can calm redness and bumps, and identifying triggers helps prevent flares.
• SnoringSnoring is the sound of vibrating tissue in a narrowed airway during sleep. It is very common and often harmless, but loud snoring with pauses or daytime sleepiness can signal sleep apnea. A sleep test can tell the difference, and custom oral appliances can reduce snoring for many people.